{
  "meta": {
    "title": "Insurance Planning Chapter 2 Exam Bank",
    "language": "zh-CN",
    "note": "原创题库，服务于 Chapter 2 学习。"
  },
  "questions": [
    {
      "id": "c2-q001",
      "type": "multiple_choice",
      "question": "客户购买股票并担心价格下跌，这最准确属于哪类风险？",
      "choices": {
        "A": "Pure risk",
        "B": "Speculative risk",
        "C": "Physical hazard",
        "D": "Particular risk"
      },
      "answer": "B",
      "explanation": "股票有亏损、无变化和获利三种可能，属于 speculative risk。保险主要处理 pure risk。",
      "tags": [
        "risk_categories"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "c2-q002",
      "type": "multiple_choice",
      "question": "房屋老旧电线导致火灾概率增加。老旧电线是什么？",
      "choices": {
        "A": "Peril",
        "B": "Physical hazard",
        "C": "Moral hazard",
        "D": "Speculative risk"
      },
      "answer": "B",
      "explanation": "火灾是 peril；老旧电线是增加火灾概率的物理条件，属于 physical hazard。",
      "tags": [
        "peril_hazard"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "c2-q003",
      "type": "multiple_choice",
      "question": "客户说“反正车有保险，所以我经常不上锁”。这最准确属于什么？",
      "choices": {
        "A": "Moral hazard",
        "B": "Morale hazard",
        "C": "Fundamental risk",
        "D": "Subrogation"
      },
      "answer": "B",
      "explanation": "因为有保险而粗心，是 morale hazard；故意骗保才更接近 moral hazard。",
      "tags": [
        "peril_hazard"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "c2-q004",
      "type": "multiple_choice",
      "question": "低频但一旦发生会造成灾难性家庭财务损失的风险，通常应优先考虑哪种处理方式？",
      "choices": {
        "A": "Avoidance",
        "B": "Transfer",
        "C": "Reduction",
        "D": "Retention"
      },
      "answer": "B",
      "explanation": "低频高严重度风险通常适合通过保险转移。",
      "tags": [
        "risk_management"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "c2-q005",
      "type": "multiple_choice",
      "question": "以下哪项最符合可保风险条件？",
      "choices": {
        "A": "创业公司估值下跌",
        "B": "普通住宅火灾风险",
        "C": "股票组合亏损",
        "D": "投机性加密货币价格波动"
      },
      "answer": "B",
      "explanation": "普通住宅火灾属于 pure risk，损失相对明确、可衡量，也有大量同质暴露单位。",
      "tags": [
        "insurable_risk"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "c2-q006",
      "type": "multiple_choice",
      "question": "补偿原则的核心目的是什么？",
      "choices": {
        "A": "让被保险人从事故中获利",
        "B": "让被保险人回到损失前的财务状态",
        "C": "让保险公司拒绝所有小额理赔",
        "D": "让投保人不需要披露事实"
      },
      "answer": "B",
      "explanation": "Indemnity 目标是补偿，而不是让被保险人因损失获利。",
      "tags": [
        "legal_principles"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "c2-q007",
      "type": "multiple_choice",
      "question": "保险公司赔付后向造成损失的第三方追偿，这体现什么原则？",
      "choices": {
        "A": "Subrogation",
        "B": "Adhesion",
        "C": "Aleatory",
        "D": "Retention"
      },
      "answer": "A",
      "explanation": "Subrogation 是保险人赔付后代位取得被保险人向责任方追偿的权利。",
      "tags": [
        "legal_principles"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "c2-q008",
      "type": "multiple_choice",
      "question": "保险合同由保险公司起草，投保人通常只能接受或拒绝。该特征称为：",
      "choices": {
        "A": "Aleatory",
        "B": "Adhesion",
        "C": "Subrogation",
        "D": "Objective risk"
      },
      "answer": "B",
      "explanation": "Contract of adhesion 指格式合同，模糊处常倾向不利于起草方解释。",
      "tags": [
        "contract_characteristics"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "c2-q009",
      "type": "multiple_choice",
      "question": "投保人缴纳较少保费，却可能获得远高于保费的赔付，这体现保险合同的什么特征？",
      "choices": {
        "A": "Aleatory",
        "B": "Conditional",
        "C": "Foreign",
        "D": "Warranty"
      },
      "answer": "A",
      "explanation": "Aleatory 指交换价值不对等，赔付取决于不确定事件。",
      "tags": [
        "contract_characteristics"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "c2-q010",
      "type": "multiple_choice",
      "question": "保单中说明“不赔什么”的部分通常是：",
      "choices": {
        "A": "Declarations",
        "B": "Insuring agreement",
        "C": "Exclusions",
        "D": "Premium"
      },
      "answer": "C",
      "explanation": "Exclusions 列明除外责任，即不承保的事项或情形。",
      "tags": [
        "policy"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "c2-q011",
      "type": "multiple_choice",
      "question": "高风险人群比低风险人群更积极购买保险，导致风险池恶化，称为：",
      "choices": {
        "A": "Adverse selection",
        "B": "Subrogation",
        "C": "Indemnity",
        "D": "Replacement cost"
      },
      "answer": "A",
      "explanation": "这是 adverse selection 的定义，承保筛选和风险分类用于控制它。",
      "tags": [
        "underwriting"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "c2-q012",
      "type": "calculation",
      "question": "某财产当前重置成本为 10,000 美元，折旧为 3,000 美元。按 ACV 简化公式，ACV 是多少？",
      "answer": "7,000 美元",
      "explanation": "ACV = Replacement Cost - Depreciation = 10,000 - 3,000 = 7,000。",
      "tags": [
        "valuation",
        "calculation"
      ],
      "key_points": [
        "写出 ACV = Replacement Cost - Depreciation",
        "代入 10,000 - 3,000",
        "得出 7,000 美元"
      ],
      "rubric": {
        "full_credit": "命中全部关键点，并能用题干数字或场景边界说明理由。",
        "partial_credit": "只写出部分定义或结论，缺公式、边界、例子或适用条件。",
        "no_credit": "只背词、只给结果、概念混淆，或没有回答题干要求。"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "c2-q013",
      "type": "calculation",
      "question": "房屋重置价值 500,000 美元，共保要求 80%，实际保额 300,000 美元，损失 100,000 美元。不考虑免赔额和限额，共保公式下赔付多少？",
      "answer": "75,000 美元",
      "explanation": "应投保金额 = 500,000 × 80% = 400,000。赔付 = 300,000 / 400,000 × 100,000 = 75,000。",
      "tags": [
        "coinsurance",
        "calculation"
      ],
      "key_points": [
        "先算应投保金额 500,000 x 80% = 400,000",
        "使用共保公式 实际保额/应投保金额 x 损失",
        "代入 300,000/400,000 x 100,000 得 75,000 美元"
      ],
      "rubric": {
        "full_credit": "命中全部关键点，并能用题干数字或场景边界说明理由。",
        "partial_credit": "只写出部分定义或结论，缺公式、边界、例子或适用条件。",
        "no_credit": "只背词、只给结果、概念混淆，或没有回答题干要求。"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "c2-q014",
      "type": "short_answer",
      "question": "为什么保险公司喜欢大量同质暴露单位？",
      "answer": "因为样本越大，实际损失越接近预期损失，保险公司越能准确预测总体损失并定价。",
      "explanation": "这是大数法则在保险中的作用；样本太少时，单一损失会让风险池波动过大。",
      "tags": [
        "insurable_risk",
        "law_of_large_numbers"
      ],
      "key_points": [
        "说明大量同质暴露单位支撑大数法则",
        "说明样本越大实际损失越接近预期损失",
        "连接到保险公司预测损失和定价"
      ],
      "rubric": {
        "full_credit": "命中全部关键点，并能用题干数字或场景边界说明理由。",
        "partial_credit": "只写出部分定义或结论，缺公式、边界、例子或适用条件。",
        "no_credit": "只背词、只给结果、概念混淆，或没有回答题干要求。"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "c2-q015",
      "type": "short_answer",
      "question": "简述 peril 与 hazard 的区别，并各举一例。",
      "answer": "Peril 是直接造成损失的事件，如火灾。Hazard 是增加损失概率或严重度的条件，如老旧电线。",
      "explanation": "考试常把两者混在一起；判断方法是问“直接造成损失的是谁”和“什么条件让损失更容易发生”。",
      "tags": [
        "peril_hazard"
      ],
      "key_points": [
        "定义 peril 是直接造成损失的事件",
        "定义 hazard 是增加损失概率或严重度的条件",
        "分别举例 如火灾与老旧电线"
      ],
      "rubric": {
        "full_credit": "命中全部关键点，并能用题干数字或场景边界说明理由。",
        "partial_credit": "只写出部分定义或结论，缺公式、边界、例子或适用条件。",
        "no_credit": "只背词、只给结果、概念混淆，或没有回答题干要求。"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "c2-q016",
      "type": "scenario",
      "question": "客户年收入 150,000 美元，是家庭唯一收入来源，有两个年幼孩子。早逝风险应如何处理？",
      "answer": "该风险是 pure financial risk，频率低但严重度高。通常应优先通过寿险转移，并结合家庭收入替代、债务、教育费用和现有资产确定保额。",
      "explanation": "家庭主要收入者早逝会造成长期现金流缺口，属于适合保险转移的低频高严重度风险。",
      "tags": [
        "risk_management",
        "life_risk"
      ],
      "key_points": [
        "识别早逝是 pure financial risk",
        "说明低频高严重度应优先转移",
        "提出用寿险并按收入替代 债务 教育费用 资产确定保额"
      ],
      "rubric": {
        "full_credit": "命中全部关键点，并能用题干数字或场景边界说明理由。",
        "partial_credit": "只写出部分定义或结论，缺公式、边界、例子或适用条件。",
        "no_credit": "只背词、只给结果、概念混淆，或没有回答题干要求。"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "c2-q017",
      "type": "scenario",
      "question": "客户有 2,000 美元紧急资金，考虑给 300 美元耳机买保险。考官视角如何评价？",
      "answer": "耳机损失通常是低严重度风险，客户有能力自留。一般不优先购买小额保险，除非保费极低且有特殊需求。",
      "explanation": "小额、可承受损失通常适合 retention；保险优先用于无法轻松承受的大额损失。",
      "tags": [
        "risk_management",
        "retention"
      ],
      "key_points": [
        "识别耳机损失低严重度且可承受",
        "说明客户有紧急资金可自留",
        "结论是不优先买小额保险 除非保费极低或有特殊需求"
      ],
      "rubric": {
        "full_credit": "命中全部关键点，并能用题干数字或场景边界说明理由。",
        "partial_credit": "只写出部分定义或结论，缺公式、边界、例子或适用条件。",
        "no_credit": "只背词、只给结果、概念混淆，或没有回答题干要求。"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "c2-q018",
      "type": "scenario",
      "question": "客户在寿险申请中明知自己吸烟，却填写“不吸烟”。涉及哪些概念？",
      "answer": "这是重大事实的 material misrepresentation，违反 utmost good faith，也会影响 underwriting；若保险人依赖该陈述承保，可能影响合同效力或理赔。",
      "explanation": "题干是主动作出错误陈述，重点是 misrepresentation；concealment 更偏向未披露重要事实。",
      "tags": [
        "legal_principles",
        "underwriting"
      ],
      "key_points": [
        "识别明知吸烟却填不吸烟为 material misrepresentation",
        "关联 utmost good faith 与 underwriting",
        "说明保险人依赖该陈述时可能影响合同效力或理赔"
      ],
      "rubric": {
        "full_credit": "命中全部关键点，并能用题干数字或场景边界说明理由。",
        "partial_credit": "只写出部分定义或结论，缺公式、边界、例子或适用条件。",
        "no_credit": "只背词、只给结果、概念混淆，或没有回答题干要求。"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "c2-q019",
      "type": "multiple_choice",
      "question": "在美国保险语境中，foreign insurer 通常指：",
      "choices": {
        "A": "外国注册保险公司",
        "B": "其他州注册、在本州经营的保险公司",
        "C": "未获许可保险公司",
        "D": "再保险公司"
      },
      "answer": "B",
      "explanation": "Foreign insurer 通常指外州保险公司；alien insurer 才是外国保险公司。",
      "tags": [
        "insurer_types"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "c2-q020",
      "type": "short_answer",
      "question": "选择保险公司时，除保费外至少应看哪四项？",
      "answer": "财务实力、理赔服务、条款适配、投诉记录、合规许可、承保匹配度、续保条款等。",
      "explanation": "便宜不是充分条件；保险规划要确保公司能长期履约、条款覆盖真实风险、理赔服务可靠。",
      "tags": [
        "selecting_insurer"
      ],
      "key_points": [
        "至少列出四项非保费因素",
        "必须包括财务实力或合规许可等履约能力因素",
        "必须包括理赔服务 条款适配 投诉记录 承保匹配或续保条款等适配因素"
      ],
      "rubric": {
        "full_credit": "命中全部关键点，并能用题干数字或场景边界说明理由。",
        "partial_credit": "只写出部分定义或结论，缺公式、边界、例子或适用条件。",
        "no_credit": "只背词、只给结果、概念混淆，或没有回答题干要求。"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "c2-q021",
      "type": "multiple_choice",
      "question": "客户因为朋友刚得重病而觉得自己患病概率极高，即使统计风险没有变化。这属于：",
      "choices": {
        "A": "Objective risk",
        "B": "Subjective risk",
        "C": "Physical hazard",
        "D": "Speculative risk"
      },
      "answer": "B",
      "explanation": "Subjective risk 是个人心理感受或判断；objective risk 才是可测量统计波动。",
      "tags": [
        "risk_categories"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "c2-q022",
      "type": "multiple_choice",
      "question": "代理人有权限出具临时保障承诺，使客户在正式保单签发前短期受保。该文件通常称为：",
      "choices": {
        "A": "Binder",
        "B": "Rider",
        "C": "Warranty",
        "D": "Declaration"
      },
      "answer": "A",
      "explanation": "Binder 是临时保险保障承诺，常见于财产责任保险。",
      "tags": [
        "agency",
        "policy"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "c2-q023",
      "type": "multiple_choice",
      "question": "保险公司评估后决定按加费承保某客户，该承保结果最接近：",
      "choices": {
        "A": "Preferred",
        "B": "Standard",
        "C": "Substandard / rated",
        "D": "Decline"
      },
      "answer": "C",
      "explanation": "Substandard 或 rated 表示风险高于标准水平，通常加费或限制条件。",
      "tags": [
        "underwriting"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "c2-q024",
      "type": "multiple_choice",
      "question": "在美国保险语境中，已获本州许可销售保险的保险公司称为：",
      "choices": {
        "A": "Admitted insurer",
        "B": "Alien insurer",
        "C": "Reinsurer",
        "D": "Surplus lines broker"
      },
      "answer": "A",
      "explanation": "Admitted insurer 是获本州许可经营的保险公司；nonadmitted/surplus lines 通常用于特殊风险。",
      "tags": [
        "insurer_types",
        "regulation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "c2-q025",
      "type": "short_answer",
      "question": "保险合同有效通常需要哪四个基本合同要素？",
      "answer": "Offer and acceptance、consideration、competent parties、legal purpose。",
      "explanation": "保险首先是合同；申请与接受、保费与赔付承诺、合法主体和合法目的缺一不可。",
      "tags": [
        "contract"
      ],
      "key_points": [
        "列出 offer and acceptance",
        "列出 consideration",
        "列出 competent parties 与 legal purpose"
      ],
      "rubric": {
        "full_credit": "命中全部关键点，并能用题干数字或场景边界说明理由。",
        "partial_credit": "只写出部分定义或结论，缺公式、边界、例子或适用条件。",
        "no_credit": "只背词、只给结果、概念混淆，或没有回答题干要求。"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "c2-q026",
      "type": "multiple_choice",
      "question": "经济衰退影响大量家庭和企业，这更接近哪类风险？",
      "choices": {
        "A": "Particular risk",
        "B": "Fundamental risk",
        "C": "Morale hazard",
        "D": "Replacement cost risk"
      },
      "answer": "B",
      "explanation": "Fundamental risk 影响大群体或整个社会；particular risk 只影响个人或小群体。",
      "tags": [
        "risk_categories"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "c2-q027",
      "type": "multiple_choice",
      "question": "保险合同要求被保险人及时通知损失并提交损失证明，这体现保险合同的什么特征？",
      "choices": {
        "A": "Conditional",
        "B": "Speculative",
        "C": "Foreign",
        "D": "Objective"
      },
      "answer": "A",
      "explanation": "Conditional contract 表示保险公司履行赔付义务以前，被保险人必须满足合同条件。",
      "tags": [
        "contract_characteristics",
        "policy"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "c2-q028",
      "type": "multiple_choice",
      "question": "由保单持有人拥有、可能返还盈余分红的保险公司是：",
      "choices": {
        "A": "Stock insurer",
        "B": "Mutual insurer",
        "C": "Alien insurer",
        "D": "Reinsurer"
      },
      "answer": "B",
      "explanation": "Mutual insurer 由保单持有人拥有；stock insurer 由股东拥有。",
      "tags": [
        "insurer_types"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "c2-q029",
      "type": "short_answer",
      "question": "财产损失理赔的基本计算顺序是什么？",
      "answer": "先确定估值方式，再检查共保要求，然后看保单限额，最后扣免赔额，并确认 replacement cost 条件是否满足。",
      "explanation": "顺序错会导致错算；coinsurance、policy limit、deductible 都可能让公式结果变成非最终赔付。",
      "tags": [
        "valuation",
        "calculation"
      ],
      "key_points": [
        "先确定估值方式",
        "再检查共保要求与保单限额",
        "最后扣免赔额并确认 replacement cost 条件"
      ],
      "rubric": {
        "full_credit": "命中全部关键点，并能用题干数字或场景边界说明理由。",
        "partial_credit": "只写出部分定义或结论，缺公式、边界、例子或适用条件。",
        "no_credit": "只背词、只给结果、概念混淆，或没有回答题干要求。"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "c2-q030",
      "type": "short_answer",
      "question": "Guaranty association 为什么不能替代保险公司筛选？",
      "answer": "因为它只在保险公司破产等特定情况下提供有限保护，通常有范围和限额，不保证所有损失都被补足。",
      "explanation": "选择保险公司仍应先看财务实力、合规状态、条款和理赔服务。",
      "tags": [
        "regulation",
        "selecting_insurer"
      ],
      "key_points": [
        "说明 guaranty association 只在保险公司破产等特定情况下介入",
        "说明保护有范围和限额",
        "结论是不能替代财务实力 合规 条款和理赔服务筛选"
      ],
      "rubric": {
        "full_credit": "命中全部关键点，并能用题干数字或场景边界说明理由。",
        "partial_credit": "只写出部分定义或结论，缺公式、边界、例子或适用条件。",
        "no_credit": "只背词、只给结果、概念混淆，或没有回答题干要求。"
      }
    }
  ]
}